Add User to Group Linux: Expert Guide for Beginners & Pros

Introduction to Adding Users to Groups in Linux

In Linux, adding a user to a group is a fundamental task that allows you to manage permissions and access control effectively. Groups help organize users based on shared roles or responsibilities, making it easier to administer security settings. Whether you’re using Ubuntu, CentOS, or another distribution, adding a user to a group in Linux can be done through both command-line tools and graphical interfaces. This guide will walk you through different methods for adding users to groups, offering simple and clear instructions suited for beginners.

Using the Command Line to Add a User to a Group

The most common method to add a user to a group in Linux is through the command line using the usermod command. This is an efficient and versatile way to manage user group assignments, especially for server environments where a graphical interface might not be available.

To add a user to a group, you can use the following command:

bash
sudo usermod -aG groupname username

Here’s what each part of the command does:

• sudo : Grants administrative privileges to execute the command.
• usermod : The command used to modify a user’s account.
• -aG : The -a flag appends the user to the group, and G specifies the group to which the user will be added.
• groupname : The name of the group you want the user to join.
• username : The username of the user you wish to add to the group.

For example, to add the user john to the group developers , you would run:

bash
sudo usermod -aG developers john

This command ensures that the user john is added to the developers group without being removed from any other groups they may already belong to.

Graphical Interface Method for Desktop Distributions

If you are using a desktop version of Linux, such as Ubuntu or CentOS with a graphical user interface (GUI), you can also add a user to a group through the system settings or a user management application. Here’s how to do it in Ubuntu:

1. Open the “Settings” application.
2. Go to “Users” in the sidebar.
3. Select the user you want to add to a group.
4. Click on “Account Settings” and find the “Groups” section.
5. Choose the group(s) you want the user to join and save your changes.

This method is particularly user-friendly for those who prefer not to use the command line.

Distribution-Specific Considerations

While the process of adding a user to a group is similar across different Linux distributions, there may be minor differences depending on the system you’re using:

• Ubuntu: The usermod command works seamlessly in Ubuntu, and the GUI method is straightforward, making it ideal for beginner users.
• CentOS: For CentOS, you can also use usermod , but you may need to adjust SELinux settings or use chcon if additional security policies are applied.

Both distributions support the usermod command, but you should always be aware of specific security settings that may vary.

Conclusion

Adding users to groups in Linux is an essential skill for managing permissions and organizing user access. Whether you prefer using the command line with usermod or the graphical interface for a more hands-on approach, Linux provides flexibility in managing user groups. For more detailed instructions on using the usermod command, refer to the usermod manual page. You can also explore further guides like How to Add User to Group in Linux (Linuxize) and Add User to Group on Linux (LinuxConfig) for additional tips on user group management.

By following these steps, you’ll be able to efficiently add users to groups, making it easier to manage user permissions across your Linux system.

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Different Methods for Adding a User to a Group in Linux

Adding a user to a group in Linux is an essential task for managing user access and permissions. Whether you’re working with Ubuntu, CentOS, or another distribution, there are several ways to accomplish this. In this section, we’ll explore different methods for adding a user to a group in Linux, including using the command-line tool usermod and graphical user interface (GUI) tools. We’ll break down each method, explaining their steps and comparing the benefits and limitations of each approach to help you choose the best one for your system.

Using the ‘usermod’ Command

The usermod command is one of the most common methods for adding a user to a group in Linux. It’s efficient and widely supported across different distributions, including Ubuntu and CentOS.

Syntax and Command Overview

The basic syntax for adding a user to a group using usermod is as follows:

usermod -aG groupname username

• -aG : This option adds the user to the specified group without removing them from any other groups they may already be part of.
• groupname : The name of the group to which you want to add the user.
• username : The username of the user being added to the group.

Step-by-Step Instructions

1. Open a terminal.
2. To add a user to a group, type the following command, replacing groupname with the name of the group and username with the username of the person you’re adding:

sudo usermod -aG groupname username

3. Verify that the user has been added to the group by running:

groups username

This command will list all the groups the user is a member of, and you should see the newly added group in the list.

Example for Ubuntu:

If you want to add a user named john to the sudo group, the command would be:

sudo usermod -aG sudo john

This adds the user john to the sudo group, granting them the ability to execute administrative tasks.

Example for CentOS:

On CentOS, the process is the same. For example, to add the user jane to the wheel group:

sudo usermod -aG wheel jane

This command ensures that jane can perform actions that require elevated privileges by being part of the wheel group.

The usermod method is efficient, especially for system administrators who are comfortable using the command line. It’s ideal for scripting and automation but requires knowledge of terminal commands.

Using GUI Tools for User Group Management

If you prefer not to use the command line, Linux offers several GUI tools to manage user groups. These tools are beginner-friendly and provide a visual interface for adding users to groups. The specific tools available can depend on your Linux distribution, but we’ll cover the general process for both Ubuntu and CentOS.

Ubuntu: Using “Users and Groups” Tool

1. Open the Activities menu and search for “Users and Groups.”
2. Click on Users and Groups to launch the tool.
3. Select the user you wish to add to a group.
4. Click Properties, then go to the User Privileges tab.
5. Check the box next to the group(s) you want the user to join.
6. Click OK to save the changes.

This method is simple and ideal for those who are more comfortable using a graphical interface. However, it may not offer the flexibility of the command line for managing users on a large scale.

CentOS: Using “Settings” Application

1. Open the Activities menu and search for Settings.
2. Under Settings, navigate to the Users section.
3. Select the user you want to modify.
4. Under Group Membership, click Edit.
5. Select the group(s) you want to add the user to and save the changes.

GUI tools are particularly helpful for those new to Linux or those who prefer visual management. While they are easier for beginners, they might not be as fast or flexible for more advanced users who need to manage large numbers of users or automate processes.

Comparing Command-Line and GUI Approaches

When deciding between the command-line and GUI methods for adding users to groups in Linux, consider the following factors:

In summary, if you’re managing a few users and prefer a straightforward, visual method, a GUI tool may be the right choice. However, for more control, automation, or bulk changes, the usermod command is often the better option. Choosing between these methods largely depends on your comfort level with the command line and the complexity of the task at hand.

By understanding how to add a user to a group in Linux, whether through the command line or GUI tools, you can effectively manage users on your system. Consider your needs and the tools you’re most comfortable with to choose the best method for your Linux distribution.

Step-by-Step Guide: Adding a User to a Group Using the Command Line

Adding a user to a group in Linux is a common task for system administrators and users who manage Linux systems. Whether you’re using Ubuntu, CentOS, or another distribution, adding a user to a group via the command line is a straightforward process, though the exact steps can vary depending on the system. This guide will walk you through the process of adding a user to a group using the command line, with special attention to different methods and tools across Linux distributions.

Prepare the System for User Group Management

Before adding a user to a group in Linux, it’s important to ensure that your system is properly set up for user and group management. This involves having the necessary tools installed and making sure the system is ready to manage user accounts and groups effectively.

1. Check if user management tools are installed: Most Linux systems come with the necessary tools like usermod pre-installed. However, if they are not, you can install them using the package manager specific to your distribution.
   • On Ubuntu and other Debian-based systems, use:

     sudo apt install passwd
     

     This installs the required user management utilities.

   • On CentOS and other Red Hat-based systems, use:

     sudo yum install passwd
     

2. Ensure user accounts exist: If you are adding a user to a group, the user must already exist. If the user does not exist yet, you can create one with the useradd command. For example:

   sudo useradd john
   

   This command will create a user named john .

With these steps, you will be ready to manage user groups efficiently on your Linux system.

Add a User to a Group Using ‘usermod’

Once the system is prepared, you can proceed to add a user to a group. The most common and reliable method is using the usermod command. This command is used to modify a user account, including adding the user to groups.

To add a user to a group, use the following command:

sudo usermod -aG groupname username

• -a stands for “append,” meaning that the user is added to the specified group without removing them from any existing groups.
• -G specifies the group to which the user should be added.

For example, to add a user named john to the admin group, the command would look like this:

sudo usermod -aG admin john

This command adds john to the admin group, allowing them to access resources and permissions associated with that group.

Verify User Group Membership

After adding a user to a group, it’s important to verify that the change was successful. The easiest way to do this is with the groups command.

To check which groups a user belongs to, run:

groups username

For example, to check the groups for john , run:

groups john

The output will list all the groups the user is part of. If the user has been added successfully to the admin group, the output will show something like:

john : john admin

This confirms that john is now a member of both the john and admin groups.

Fix Common Errors During Group Assignment

While adding users to groups via the command line is usually straightforward, errors can sometimes occur. Here are a few common issues and how to fix them:

1. “User not found” error: This error occurs if the username you provided doesn’t exist. To fix this, double-check the username with the id or getent command:

   getent passwd username
   

   If the user does not exist, create the user first using the useradd command.

2. “Group not found” error: This happens if the group you’re trying to add the user to doesn’t exist. You can check existing groups with:

   getent group groupname
   

   If the group does not exist, create it using:

   sudo groupadd groupname
   

3. Changes not taking effect: In some cases, the user might not immediately have access to group resources after being added to a group. This can often be resolved by logging out and back in, or by restarting the session to refresh group memberships.

Choosing the Right Environment for Reliable Group Management

Different Linux distributions offer variations in group management, although the basic commands like usermod and groups work across most systems. However, there are some nuances between distributions that are worth considering when setting up user groups.

• Ubuntu and Debian-based systems: These systems generally have more user-friendly package managers ( apt ) and are often used in environments where user group management needs to be simple and efficient. The basic usermod -aG command works seamlessly in these environments.
• CentOS and Red Hat-based systems: These distributions tend to be used in more enterprise-focused environments and may have slight variations in package management. The usermod command is also used here, but always ensure that tools like passwd are properly installed.

To optimize group management in these environments, ensure that you’re familiar with the default package managers and user/group utilities for each distribution. For more advanced management scenarios, consider using configuration management tools like Ansible to automate group assignments across multiple machines.

In conclusion, managing user groups via the command line in Linux is a fundamental skill that will serve you well across many different Linux distributions. By following this step-by-step guide, you can easily add users to groups, verify their membership, and troubleshoot common errors. Whether you’re working on Ubuntu, CentOS, or another distribution, these techniques will help you effectively manage users and groups in your Linux environment.

For more detailed steps and different methods to add users to groups in Linux, check out our full guide on how to Add User to Group Linux: The Complete Step-by-Step Guide.

Comparing Command-Line and GUI Approaches for User Group Management

When you need to add a user to a group in Linux, you can choose between two main methods: using the command line or a graphical user interface (GUI). Both approaches are viable, but each offers unique benefits depending on the situation. This section will explore the pros and cons of both methods, helping you determine when to use each for managing Linux user groups.

Pros and Cons of the Command Line

The command-line approach for managing user groups in Linux is often favored by system administrators due to its speed and efficiency. Using commands like usermod allows for quick, repeatable actions, which is ideal in environments where tasks are frequent or need automation.

For example, to add a user to a group, you can run the following command:

bash sudo usermod -aG groupname username

This command adds the specified username to the group groupname without removing the user from other groups. It is a simple yet powerful way to manage group memberships.

Advantages of the Command Line:

• Speed and efficiency: Once you’re familiar with the commands, managing groups becomes very fast. This is particularly beneficial for administrators working on multiple servers or managing many users.
• Flexibility: The CLI provides more control over the system, allowing for complex actions or scripting. For instance, you can automate user management tasks across many servers.
• Remote management: When managing remote servers, especially through SSH, using the command line is more practical as it doesn’t rely on a graphical environment.

Disadvantages of the Command Line:

• Learning curve: While the CLI is powerful, it can be intimidating for beginners. Incorrect commands or syntax errors can lead to issues, especially in a production environment.
• Limited visual feedback: Unlike the GUI, the command line doesn’t offer visual cues or a clear representation of what’s happening, which might make it harder to troubleshoot for new users.

Advantages and Disadvantages of GUI Tools

On the other hand, GUI tools for managing user groups are more user-friendly, especially for beginners who might not be comfortable with the command line. These tools provide a graphical interface that simplifies tasks like adding users to groups.

For example, in GNOME-based systems, you can typically add a user to a group by navigating through the following steps:

1. Open Settings.
2. Go to Users.
3. Click on Manage Groups.
4. Select the user and assign them to the desired group.

Advantages of GUI Tools:

• Ease of use: GUIs are often more intuitive, with visual elements that make it easier to understand what changes are being made.
• Clearer overview: When managing multiple users or groups, a GUI offers a clearer, more organized view of the system, helping to avoid mistakes.
• Beginner-friendly: For those unfamiliar with the command line, a GUI provides a gentle introduction to user management tasks.

Disadvantages of GUI Tools:

• Slower than CLI: GUIs can be slower, especially for tasks like adding users to groups in large-scale environments where efficiency is critical.
• Limited availability: Not all Linux distributions or server environments include GUI tools by default. For example, many minimal installations or headless servers won’t have a GUI available.
• Less flexibility: While GUIs are useful for simple tasks, they don’t offer the same level of customization or scripting power as the command line.

When to Choose Command Line vs. GUI

The decision between using the command line or a GUI for adding a user to a group in Linux depends on the environment and task complexity. For remote administration or automation, the command line is typically the best choice. It allows for fast, repeated actions and works well for managing multiple systems simultaneously.

In contrast, if you’re working on a desktop system or only need to perform a one-time user addition, the GUI may be more convenient. It’s especially helpful for beginners who want to visually confirm changes without needing to remember commands.

Ultimately, both methods are effective for adding users to groups, but choosing the right tool depends on your specific needs. For instance, system administrators managing servers or performing bulk user operations will often prefer the command line, while desktop users or those new to Linux might find the GUI approach more accessible.

For further details, you can explore this step-by-step guide on how to add a user to a group on Linux via GUI or command line. Additionally, if you’re looking for more insights, you can visit Add a User to a Group (or Second Group) on Linux — How-To Geek.

When you’re ready to dive deeper into managing Linux users, check out this How To Add Users to a Group in Linux: A Step-by-Step Guide.

Understanding User and Group Permissions in Linux

User and group permissions are at the core of secure system access, so knowing how to add user to group linux is an essential skill for beginners. Groups help organize who can read, modify, or execute files, making user management both safer and easier to maintain. By learning a few simple methods, you can manage access confidently—whether you’re working on Ubuntu, CentOS, or another distribution.

Adding a user to a group is most commonly done through the command line using the usermod command, which updates an existing user’s account. You can explore the full syntax in the official usermod manual page.

To add an existing user to a supplementary group, run:

sudo usermod -aG developers alex

This command appends ( -a ) user alex to the developers group ( -G ) without affecting their other memberships.

To confirm the change, use:

groups alex

This lists all groups the user currently belongs to.

For a beginner-friendly walkthrough on primary vs. supplementary groups, see the tutorial How to Add User to Group in Linux – Linuxize, which reinforces the concepts behind Linux user groups and access control.

If you’re using a distribution with graphical tools—such as Ubuntu’s Settings panel or certain Red Hat–based desktops—you can manage groups through a user-friendly UI. These tools let you:

• Open Settings → Users
• Select the account
• Toggle available groups or create new ones

Red Hat provides an excellent overview of both command-line and graphical approaches in its official documentation: Managing Users and Groups – Red Hat System Administrator’s Guide. This guidance is especially helpful when navigating Ubuntu group management or CentOS user groups, depending on your environment.

Choosing the right method depends on your workflow: the command line is faster and ideal for remote servers, while graphical tools suit those who prefer a visual interface. Both approaches improve Linux user management and support better group permissions in Linux, contributing to overall security optimization.

In summary, adding a user to a group is a fundamental part of user group management in Linux. With a simple command or a few clicks, you can fine-tune access and keep your system organized. When you’re ready, explore related topics like Linux permissions and other user management commands to deepen your skills.

Optimizing Group Management for Security and Performance

In Linux, managing user groups is essential for ensuring both system security and performance. Adding users to appropriate groups helps define what resources and files they can access, and the level of permissions they hold. Understanding how to add a user to a group in Linux and optimize these group memberships is crucial for administrators looking to balance system security with user performance. This section covers the key methods for adding users to groups, automating assignments, and configuring groups for security in both traditional and cloud environments.

Managing User Permissions with Groups

To add a user to a group in Linux, the most common and straightforward method is using the usermod command. This command allows system administrators to modify user attributes, including their group memberships. Here’s how to do it:

sudo usermod -aG groupname username

This command adds the user ( username ) to the specified group ( groupname ) without removing them from any other groups they might already belong to. The -aG options are crucial because they ensure the user is added to the group while retaining other memberships.

Linux groups manage user permissions by organizing users into categories with specific access levels to system resources. For example, the sudo group typically provides administrative rights, while other groups can restrict access to particular files or directories.

In some Linux distributions, tools like gpasswd or groupadd can also help manage group memberships, especially when creating new groups or adjusting membership settings. However, the usermod command remains the most commonly used tool for adding users to existing groups.

Automating User Group Assignments with Scripts

In large Linux environments, manually adding users to groups can become time-consuming. Automating this process with scripts is a practical solution for system administrators.

For instance, you can use a simple bash script to add multiple users to a group:

#!/bin/bash
for user in $(cat users.txt); do
    sudo usermod -aG groupname $user
done

In this script, the users.txt file contains a list of usernames. The script loops through each username and runs the usermod command to add them to the specified group ( groupname ). This automation is helpful when you need to add many users to the same group at once.

To run this script, save it as a .sh file and execute it with root privileges. This approach not only saves time but also minimizes human error, ensuring consistency when managing user group memberships across your system.

Ensuring System Security through Group Configurations

Group configurations are an important aspect of Linux user permissions and overall system security. One key principle in system security is the principle of least privilege. This principle dictates that users should only have the minimum access necessary for them to perform their job functions. Proper group configurations can help enforce this principle.

For example, you can limit administrative privileges to only those who need them by adding them to the sudo group while ensuring other users are only added to basic groups. Similarly, grouping users based on their roles (e.g., developers, system administrators, support staff) ensures that access to critical files and resources is restricted to appropriate personnel.

Here’s a simple example of securing a system by limiting group membership:

• Ensure that regular users do not belong to the sudo or wheel group unless absolutely necessary.
• Create specific groups like devs , admins , or readers to further segment access based on user roles.

By carefully managing group memberships, you can minimize security risks, as it reduces the chance of users accidentally gaining access to sensitive areas of the system.

Using Cloud Environments to Support Scalable Group Management

In cloud environments, user group management becomes even more essential for scaling and maintaining secure systems. Platforms like AWS and Azure provide tools for managing Linux user groups across multiple instances.

For example, in AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management), you can manage users and groups at scale by assigning policies to user groups that control access to various cloud resources. Similarly, Azure Active Directory (AD) allows you to manage Linux users and groups across Azure virtual machines, providing centralized control over user access.

These cloud-based solutions are particularly useful in large environments where you need to manage thousands of users. By leveraging group management in the cloud, you can ensure that users have the correct permissions across a distributed environment while maintaining security and performance.

By following these best practices and leveraging tools like usermod , automation scripts, and cloud-based solutions, you can efficiently add users to groups in Linux and optimize group memberships for both security and performance.

Troubleshooting Common Issues in User and Group Management

Managing users and groups is a crucial task when working with Linux systems. One common issue administrators face is adding users to the appropriate groups. Whether it’s a mistake during user creation or incorrect group assignments, troubleshooting these problems is an essential skill for Linux administrators. In this section, we’ll guide you through common issues with adding users to groups in Linux, focusing on error fixes and resolving permissions issues.

Fixing Group Management Errors

When adding a user to a group using Linux commands, it’s easy to encounter errors. These issues typically arise from group misconfigurations or missing group entries. Here are some common problems and solutions.

1. User Not Added to the Group Properly

This often occurs when the usermod command isn’t used correctly. The typical command to add a user to a group is:

usermod -aG groupname username

This command appends the user to the specified group without affecting their membership in other groups. The -aG option is critical: -a means append, and -G specifies the group.

If this command is mistakenly run without the -a option (like usermod -G groupname username ), it will remove the user from all other groups and add them only to the specified one.

2. Group Does Not Exist

If the group you are trying to add a user to doesn’t exist, you will receive an error message. To verify the group’s existence, you can check the /etc/group file. Use the grep command:

grep groupname /etc/group

If the group is missing, create it using the following command:

groupadd groupname

Once the group exists, you can safely add users to it.

3. User Already in the Group

Sometimes, the user may already be part of the group, which can cause confusion. To confirm the user’s group memberships, use the id command:

id username

This will list all the groups the user is currently in. If the user is already in the group, there’s no need to add them again.

Resolving Permissions Issues

Once you’ve successfully added a user to a group, permissions issues may arise, particularly when the user needs to access files or directories owned by the group. Below are common solutions for fixing permissions problems.

1. Incorrect Group Ownership

If files are not accessible to a group after adding a user, it may be due to incorrect group ownership. Use the chown command to change the group ownership of the file or directory:

chown :groupname file.txt

This command changes the group ownership of file.txt to groupname . Ensure the file is owned by the correct group for access to work properly.

2. Insufficient Permissions

Even if the user is part of the correct group, they may not have the necessary permissions to read, write, or execute files. Adjust the permissions using the chmod command:

chmod 770 file.txt

This command gives the group read, write, and execute permissions (7), while restricting access to others (0). For more granular control, adjust the numbers based on your specific needs.

By fixing these common group management errors and resolving permissions issues, you can ensure that users are properly added to their groups and have the necessary access rights for their tasks.

Best Practices for Ongoing Linux Group Management

Managing user groups in Linux is essential for maintaining a well-organized and secure system. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced system administrator, adding users to appropriate groups and managing them efficiently is critical for system performance and security. In this section, we’ll walk you through the best practices for ongoing Linux group management, focusing on both command-line and GUI methods to add users to groups, as well as tips for monitoring and optimizing group configurations.

Best Practices for Group Management

A key aspect of efficient system administration is grouping users based on their roles, ensuring that each user has the appropriate permissions for the tasks they need to perform. This makes it easier to manage permissions and maintain a secure environment.

To add a user to a group in Linux, the usermod command is commonly used. Here’s how you can do it:

sudo usermod -aG groupname username

This command adds the user username to the group groupname . The -aG option ensures that the user is added to the group without being removed from other groups they may already be part of. It’s a simple but powerful tool for group management.

If you prefer a GUI approach, many Linux distributions offer tools like gnome-system-tools (on Ubuntu) or the useradd command to help manage users and groups in a more visual manner. These tools allow you to add users to groups through a user-friendly interface.

Best practices include:

• Group users by roles or permissions: For example, all system administrators can be grouped under a sudo or admin group.
• Use descriptive group names: Group names should reflect their function, such as dev for developers or web for web-related tasks.
• Avoid assigning a user to too many groups: Keep group memberships lean to minimize the risk of unnecessary access.

Monitoring User Group Activities for Security

Monitoring group memberships is an essential part of securing a Linux system. It ensures that only authorized users have access to specific resources and tasks. Tools like auditd can help track changes to group memberships, providing logs of who added or removed users from groups.

To monitor group changes using auditd , you can configure it to track modifications to the /etc/group file, which stores group information. Here’s an example configuration to monitor group changes:

sudo auditctl -w /etc/group -p wa

This command watches for write ( w ) and attribute change ( a ) actions on the /etc/group file. Any changes to user group memberships will be logged and can be reviewed to ensure no unauthorized changes occur.

Regularly reviewing group changes and user activities can help identify potential security issues, such as unauthorized group additions. Additionally, auditing group changes can be particularly useful in environments with many users or high security requirements.

Security tips include:

• Enable audit logging: Ensure that all changes to group memberships are logged for later review.
• Review group memberships regularly: Perform periodic audits to confirm that users still need the permissions associated with their groups.
• Limit access to group management tools: Only allow trusted users to modify group memberships to reduce the risk of malicious changes.

Optimizing Performance through Group Configuration

In large Linux systems, group configurations can significantly impact system performance, especially when managing multiple users. By optimizing group memberships and permissions, you can streamline access controls and improve overall system efficiency.

For example, setting group quotas can help prevent individual users from consuming too much system resource. A group quota limits the amount of disk space that a group of users can use, ensuring that no single group exceeds its allocated storage. Here’s an example of how to set a group quota in Linux:

sudo edquota -g groupname

This command opens the quota editor for the specified group, where you can set limits for disk space usage and inode usage.

Another way to optimize performance is by configuring group permissions effectively. Make sure that each group has the right permissions for their tasks, avoiding excessive access to sensitive system files. For instance, only the sudo or admin group should have administrative rights, and groups should not overlap excessively.

Optimization tips include:

• Use group quotas to control resource usage: Prevent a single group from monopolizing system resources.
• Fine-tune group permissions: Assign the minimum necessary permissions for each group to reduce unnecessary overhead.
• Regularly audit group memberships: Keep group assignments and permissions under control to ensure your system remains efficient.

For further reading on adding users to groups, you can explore tutorials such as How to Add User to Group in Linux – Linuxize for more details.